Whose centre is it anyway? Defining person-centred care in nursing: An integrative review.

AIM: The aims of this literature review were to better understand the current literature about person-centred care (PCC) and identify a clear definition of the term PCC relevant to nursing practice. METHOD/DATA SOURCES: An integrative literature review was undertaken using The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medline, Scopus and Pubmed databases. The limitations were English language, full text articles published between 1998 and 2018 within Australian, New Zealand, Canada, USA, Europe, Ireland and UK were included. The international context off PCC is then specifically related to the Australian context. REVIEW METHODS: The review adopted a thematic analysis to categorise and summarise themes with reference to the concept of PCC. The review process also adhered to the Preferred Reporting System for Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and applied the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tools to ensure the quality of the papers included for deeper analysis. RESULTS: While definitions of PCC do exist, there is no universally used definition within the nursing profession. This review has found three core themes which contribute to how PCC is understood and practiced, these are People, Practice and Power. This review uncovered a malalignment between the concept of PCC and the operationalisation of the term; this misalignment was discovered at both the practice level, and at the micro, meso and micro levels of the healthcare service. CONCLUSION: The concept of PCC is well known to nurses, yet ill-defined and operationalised into practice. PCC is potentially hindered by its apparent rhetorical nature, and further investigation of how PCC is valued and operationalised through its measurement and reported outcomes is needed. Investigation of the literature found many definitions of PCC, but no one universally accepted and used definition. Subsequently, PCC remains conceptional in nature, leading to disparity between how it is interpreted and operationalised within the healthcare system and within nursing services.

La enfermería: una reflexión sobre su futuro y su razón de ser / Nursing: A reflection about its future and its reason to be

La enfermería es una disciplina que ha experimentado diversos cambios a lo largo de su historia. No obstante, las nuevas transformaciones en la forma de hacer sanidad pueden cambiar la idea de lo que hoy es esta profesión. Para intentar afrontar este futuro hemos optado por potenciar la labor de la filosofía de la enfermería, tratando de reflexionar sobre la razón de ser de esta: los cuidados. De este modo, nos hemos apoyado en el libro "El futuro del cuidado. Comprensión de la ética del cuidado y práctica enfermera" de Carmen Domínguez Alcón, Helen Kohlen y Joan Tronto, así como de otros libros y artículos de diferentes autores de interés. Este recorrido nos ayudará a comprender cómo los cuidados pueden ser una herramienta útil para situar a la enfermería en el rumbo de los nuevos cambios del presente

Nursing is a discipline that has undergone several changes along its story. Nevertheless, the new transformations in the way of doing health service can change the idea of what profession is today. With the purpose of facing this future we have opted to strengthen the task of the nursing's philosophy, trying to ponder on its reason to be: care. In this way, we have supported our ideas in the book "El futuro del cuidado. Comprensión de la ética del cuidado y práctica enfermera" by Carmen Domínguez Alcón, Helen Kohlen and Joan Tronto, as well as other books and articles of different authors of interest. This journey will help us to comprehend how the care can be an useful tool to place nursing into the course of the new changes of the present

Indigenous health and nursing in Roraima in the 1970s.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the strategies undertaken by the government to address the health problem in Boa Vista/Roraima. METHOD: A study using the microhistory approach, with documentary sources from journalistic material of the 1970s through the triangulation technique: texts, images and context, with analysis from the perspective of the Social World Theory. RESULTS: It was evidenced that the strategies undertaken by the government occurred in favor of the exploration of isolated areas in Roraima that demanded settlement processes, construction of villages and a highway to enable the interconnection of the state with other regions of Brazil, with a smoke screen symbolic effect produced by nurses on indigenous health. CONCLUSION: There was governmental manipulation, when the symbolic power was unveiled, making it possible to see and believe that nursing needs to guide political issues rather than being ruled.

Indigenous health and nursing in Roraima in the 1970s / Salud de los indígenas y enfermería en Roraima en la década de 1970 / Saúde indígena e enfermagem em Roraima na década de 1970

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the strategies undertaken by the government to address the health problem in Boa Vista/Roraima. Method: A study using the microhistory approach, with documentary sources from journalistic material of the 1970s through the triangulation technique: texts, images and context, with analysis from the perspective of the Social World Theory. Results: It was evidenced that the strategies undertaken by the government occurred in favor of the exploration of isolated areas in Roraima that demanded settlement processes, construction of villages and a highway to enable the interconnection of the state with other regions of Brazil, with a smoke screen symbolic effect produced by nurses on indigenous health. Conclusion: There was governmental manipulation, when the symbolic power was unveiled, making it possible to see and believe that nursing needs to guide political issues rather than being ruled.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las estrategias emprendidas por el gobierno para sanar el problema de la salud en Boa Vista / Roraima. Método: En el estudio de la micro-historia, con fuentes documentales oriundas de materia periodística de la década de 1970, cuando fueron articulados, por medio de la técnica de triangulación, textos, imágenes y contexto, con análisis en la perspectiva de la Teoría del Mundo Social. Resultados: Se evidenció que las estrategias emprendidas oriundas del gobierno ocurrieron en pro de la exploración de áreas aisladas en Roraima que demandaron procesos de poblamiento, construcción de aldeas y de una carretera para viabilizar la interconexión del estado con otras regiones de Brasil, teniendo por cortina de humo el efecto simbólico producido por las enfermeras en la salud indígena. Conclusión: Hubo manipulación gubernamental, cuando el poder simbólico fue desvelado, haciendo ver y creer que la enfermería necesita pautar los asuntos políticos en vez de ser pautada.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as estratégias empreendidas pelo governo para sanar o problema da saúde em Boa Vista/Roraima. Método: Estudo na abordagem da micro-história, com fontes documentais oriundas de matéria jornalística da década de 1970, quando foram articulados, por meio da técnica de triangulação, textos, imagens e contexto, com análise na perspectiva da Teoria do Mundo Social. Resultados: Foi evidenciado que as estratégias empreendidas oriundas do governo ocorreram em prol da exploração de áreas isoladas em Roraima que demandaram processos de povoamento, construção de vilarejos e de uma rodovia para viabilizar a interligação do estado com demais regiões do Brasil, tendo por cortina de fumaça o efeito simbólico produzido pelas enfermeiras na saúde indígena. Conclusão: Houve manipulação governamental, quando o poder simbólico foi desvelado, fazendo ver e crer que a enfermagem precisa pautar os assuntos políticos ao invés de ser pautada.

New horizons: Australian nurses at work in World War I.

More than 3000 nurses from Australia served with the Australian Army Nursing Service or the British nursing services during World War I. These nurses served in various theatres of war including Egypt, France, India, Greece, Italy and England. They worked in numerous roles including as a surgical team nurse close to the front working under fire; nursing on hospital ships carrying the sick and wounded; or managing hospital wards overrun with patients whilst dealing with a lack of hospital necessities. The skills and roles needed to be a military nurse significantly differed to the skills required to nurse in Australia.

The story of Francisca Trimas.

Francisca Trimas is a 57-year-old nurse from the Madang Province of Papua New Guinea. This article documents her life as a rural health worker in Papua New Guinea. Since graduating from the Angau School of Nursing in 1976, Francisca has spent more than 30 years of her life working in the most remote parts of Papua New Guinea, from Kimbe to Hagen, Tari and the outskirts of the Eastern Highlands. In a country characterized by difficult terrain that makes access to basic health care very difficult, Francisca recalls the memorable moments in her life as a nurse dealing with life-threatening situations. From breech births to the occasional wild pig bite, Francisca reminisces on the joys and triumphs as well as the frustrations of working in the bush.

Julie Kamblijambi-Kep--PhD candidate at RMIT University, Australia.

Julie Kamblijambi-Kep has come a long way from her childhood in the village of Wingi in Papua New Guinea's East Sepik Province. This article explores the support Julie's family provided for her education, her subsequent training as a nurse and her work around the country, including as the coordinator of the maternal health program at the University of Goroka. The article's exploration of various challenges, including the death of Julie's husband and her need to work while raising five children, make it a useful reference point for women in Papua New Guinea, especially those who are committed to helping others by working in the field of maternal and child health.

Individual testimonies of nursing care after the atomic bombing of Nagasaki in 1945.

PURPOSE: To describe the situation with respect to nursing care conducted immediately before and after the atomic bombing of Nagasaki in 1945. METHODS: Nurses who were registered nursing staff in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing volunteered to participate in this research. Individual interviews were conducted to obtain information concerning the nursing activities in affected areas. The collected information was compared with official documents regarding the atomic bombing of Nagasaki and findings of current studies of disaster situation nursing. RESULT: Five participants indicated that starting on the day of the bombing, nursing care activities changed from moment to moment according to the condition of radiation victims, the condition of affected areas, and the relief systems in place. Under these conditions, nurses attempted to provide nursing care to victims of the bombing through any means possible. CONCLUSION: The participants in the present study communicated a single message: that nursing care must be flexible in critical situations. Triage and cooperation with other types of medical professionals were also identified as important factors in nursing care.

Expanding women's rural medical work in early modern Brittany: the Daughters of the Holy Spirit.

During the eighteenth century, orders of nursing sisters took on an expanded role in the rural areas of Brittany. This article explores the impact of religious change on the medical activities of these women. While limits were placed on the medical practice of unlicensed individuals, areas of new opportunity for nuns as charitable practitioners were created by devout nobles throughout the eighteenth century. These nuns provided comprehensive care for the sick poor on their patrons' estates, acting not only as nurses, but also in lieu of physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries. This article argues that the medical knowledge and expertise of these sisters from the nursing orders were highly valued by the elites of early modern Brittany.

Poverty, philanthropy, and professionalism. The establishment of a district nursing service in Wellington, New Zealand, 1903.

The establishment in 1903 of a professional district nursing service in Wellington, New Zealand's capital city, was a philanthropic response to the need for skilled care for the sickpoor in their own homes, as hospital and charitable aid boards believed chronic patients drained their resources. This paper argues that it was the timely combination of the individual philanthropy of Sarah Ann Rhodes, the organisational philanthropy of the St John Ambulance Association and the new professional standing and availability of registered nurses such as Annie Holgate that ensured its successful foundation. It also argues that district nursing services blurred spatial, social, and public-private boundaries in new ways. Finally, it considers the district nurse's role as the philanthropist 's proxy, the means for realising the philanthropist's desire to help the sick poor.

Medicine and nursing in the Spanish Civil War: women who served in the health services of the International Brigades (1936-1939).

The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 had repercussions throughout the world. Even though Western democracies had signed a Non-Intervention Agreement, thousands of foreign volunteers fought on the Republican side. This paper briefly summarizes the issues that directly led to the war, and focuses on the intervention of the International Brigades, the origins of the International Sanitary Service (ISS) and the role played by women at the ISS. These women implemented and collaborated in important and innovative procedures in military medicine, that we analyze below.

Noddings's caring ethics theory applied in a paediatric setting.

Since the 1990s, numerous studies on the relationship between parents and their children have been reported on in the literature and implemented as a philosophy of care in most paediatric units. The purpose of this article is to understand the process of nurses' care for children in a paediatric setting by using Noddings's caring ethics theory. Noddings's theory is in part described from a theoretical perspective outlining the basic idea of the theory followed by a critique of her work. Important conceptions in her theory are natural caring (reception, relation, engrossment, motivational displacement, reciprocity) and ethical caring (physical self, ethical self, and ethical ideal). As a nurse one holds a duty of care to patients and, in exercising this duty, the nurse must be able to develop a relationship with the patient including giving the patient total authenticity in a 'feeling with' the patient. Noddings's theory is analysed and described in three examples from the paediatrics. In the first example, the nurse cared for the patient in natural caring while in the second situation, the nurse strived for the ethical caring of the patient. In the third example, the nurse rejected the impulse to care and deliberately turned her back to ethics and abandoned her ethical caring. According to the Noddings's theory, caring for the patient enables the nurse to obtain ethical insights from the specific type of nursing care which forms an important contribution to an overall increase of an ethical consciousness in the nurse.

20th-century reports on nursing and nursing education: what difference did they make?

At the beginning of the 21st century, public policy attention is being drawn to the profession of nursing by reports identifying demographic trends that are expected to lead to a significant shortage of nurses, given an aging population, a lengthening life span, and the increasing use of medical interventions to prevent or treat disease. This shortage is alleged to be more profound than the cyclic shortages experienced during the previous century, primarily for 2 reasons: (1) the nursing workforce is older, on average, than other professional groups, with more nurses entering practice at older ages with shorter expected work life, and (2) the capacity of the educational system to provide replacements for retiring nurses is inadequate due to a shortage of qualified faculty and limitations in clinical training sites.

Opposition to the American leadership by Brazilian nurses (1934-1938).

UNLABELLED: A historical social descriptive study whose objective is to describe the circumstances where Bertha Pullen assumes as the dean of Anna Nery Nursing School, to assess the strategies undertaken by Pullen to assure her position of power and prestige in the space of the school and Brazilian nursing; and to discuss about the resistance to the presence and authority of the American dean for the nurses and students, in the struggle for a national identity. Corpus analysis was made by putting photographs into context based on written documents and secondary sources. RESULTS: The second management of Pullen was the reiteration of the American presence in the leadership of the School, despite the resistance of the nurses and students. Thus, we may assume that the second tenure of Pullen did not represent a real need that was felt by the school.